1. Price-Based Factors
- Momentum: Trading on trends or continuation of price movements.
- Mean Reversion: Identifying assets that have deviated significantly from their historical mean price and anticipating a return to the mean.
- Breakouts: Buying or selling when an asset's price moves outside defined support or resistance levels.
2. Volume-Based Factors
- Liquidity: Assessing volume and bid-ask spreads to ensure cost-effective execution.
- Unusual Volume Spikes: Capitalizing on significant volume increases as a precursor to price movements.
3. Technical Indicators
- Moving Averages: Simple (SMA), Exponential (EMA), and crossovers as signals.
- Relative Strength Index (RSI): Overbought or oversold conditions.
- Bollinger Bands: Price volatility and deviation from the mean.
- MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): Momentum and trend direction.
4. Fundamental Data
- Earnings Reports: Trading on earnings announcements and revisions.
- Economic Indicators: GDP, employment data, inflation, etc.
- Valuation Metrics: Price-to-earnings (P/E), price-to-book (P/B), etc.
5. Market Microstructure Data
- Order Book Dynamics: Analyzing bid/ask levels, imbalances, and order flow.
- Latency Arbitrage: Exploiting microseconds of information lag.
- Quote Manipulations: Detecting spoofing or layering activity.
6. Arbitrage Opportunities
- Statistical Arbitrage: Trading pairs or baskets of correlated securities.
- Event Arbitrage: Trading on mergers, acquisitions, or other corporate events.
- Cross-Exchange Arbitrage: Exploiting price differences across different markets or exchanges.
7. Sentiment Analysis
- News Sentiment: Using NLP (Natural Language Processing) to interpret news or social media sentiment.
- Reddit and Forums: Monitoring retail sentiment on platforms like WallStreetBets.
- Earnings Call Sentiment: Parsing management tone during earnings calls.
8. Alternative Data
- Satellite Data: Monitoring parking lots, crop conditions, or shipping activity.
- Web Traffic: Analyzing online metrics like search trends, e-commerce sales.
- Social media Trends: Trending topics and hashtags impacting market sentiment.
9. Risk Factors
- Volatility: Using the VIX or other measures to adjust portfolio exposure.
- Beta Hedging: Managing exposure relative to market movements.
- Drawdown Limits: Algorithms pausing trading when certain thresholds are breached.
10. Machine Learning and Predictive Factors
- Pattern Recognition: Identifying and exploiting recurring patterns in market data.
- Predictive Modeling: Using supervised or unsupervised machine learning for price prediction.
- Feature Engineering: Combining factors (like price, volume, and news) to create new predictive variables.
11. Regulatory and Macro Events
- Regulatory News: Trading based on new policies or regulations.
- Geopolitical Events: Analyzing impacts of wars, sanctions, elections, etc.
- Interest Rates: Central bank actions influencing forex and equity markets.
12. Time Decay or Seasonal Patterns
- Intraday Patterns: Taking advantage of typical opening or closing market behavior.
- Seasonality: Exploiting yearly cycles like the "Santa Claus Rally" or summer slowdowns.
- Options Expiry: Managing positions based on time decay and gamma exposure.
Summary:
Algorithms leverage a mix of historical data, real-time signals, and advanced models to execute trades. The choice of factors depends on the algorithm's goals, market, and the sophistication of the underlying technology.